Thanks for the suggestions everyone! Yesterday a coworker fixed the wall by deleting it and re-creating it, so I'll give these things a try if this happens again and report back (although it may be a while before this problem happens again, lol.)
Before my coworker re-created the wall I did double check the renovation filter, but it doesn't appear to be the issue here.
There are two coplanar walls in that location. The extra walls are in a hotlink module, on a layer that is turned off and with a different intersection priority number. But that same double-wall condition happens with every exterior wall in all 7 buildings, and the problem seems to affect one random wall in one random building every once in a while. And I am nearly positive that when the problem first occurred months ago it was before the second set of walls was added. Next time this problem happens I will try removing the extra set of walls from the hotlink module and report back.
I had the idea to keep a copy of each offending wall in a separate solo project file so I could compare and study them to see if I could figure out what the problem is. I asked my coworker to do this before he re-created the wall. When I opened the solo project to examine the wall, the entire wall showed correctly in 3D! So the problem does appear to be caused by some local condition (maybe the extra walls?)
ArchiCAD 27 (5003 USA Full), M3 Max MacBook Pro, 96 GB RAM, MacOS 14.5